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• Struvite Bladder Stones in Dogs

  Struvite bladder stones are one of the more common bladder stones found in dogs. Struvite bladder stones usually form as a complication of a bladder infection caused by bacteria, and if the urine becomes exceptionally concentrated and acidic. The most common signs that a dog has bladder stones are blood in the urine (hematuria) and straining to urinate (dysuria). There are three primary treatment strategies for struvite bladder stones: 1) feeding a special diet to dissolve the stone(s), 2) non-surgical removal by urohydropropulsion (flushing out the stones) and 3) surgical removal. Dogs that have experienced struvite bladder stones will often be fed a therapeutic diet for life.

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• Stud Tail (Tail Gland Hyperplasia) in Dogs

  Stud tail, or tail gland hyperplasia, is a condition in which the oil glands near the base of the tail enlarge. This condition causes hair loss, excess accumulation of oils in the skin and on the fur, plugged hair follicles, and secondary infections. It is most common in intact male dogs, as these glands are under hormonal control, but any dog can be affected. Other hormonal imbalances and skin disorders can also cause this problem. Prognosis is generally good, especially if the underlying cause can be identified and controlled.

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• Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS)

  Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) causes blindness in older dogs, most often females. The underlying cause of SARDS is unknown and there is no effective treatment for the condition. This handout explains the clinical signs observed in affected dogs, how the condition is diagnosed, and how to support a dog with SARDS.

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• Syncope (Fainting) in Dogs

  Syncope (or fainting) is defined as a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen. Most dogs who experience syncope spontaneously recover once appropriate levels of oxygen reach the brain.

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• Syringomyelia and Chiari-Like Malformation

  This handout explains syringomyelia and Chiari-like malformation in dogs, in which fluid-filled cavities in the spinal cord develop, leading to an abnormal sensation in affected dogs. The clinical signs of the condition, along with diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, are described.

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• Systemic Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) in Dogs

  Systemic hypertension describes high blood pressure throughout the entire body. Hypertension in dogs is often due to an underlying disease (secondary hypertension). When there is no underlying disease, it is called primary hypertension. There are several signs of hypertension including sudden blindness, bleeding inside the globe of the eye, persistently dilated pupils, head tilt, seizures, disorientation, ataxia, circling, weakness or partial paralysis, nystagmus, increased drinking and urinating with the progression of chronic kidney disease, hematuria, and epistaxis. The treatment of dogs with hypertension depends upon the underlying cause. Medications commonly used to manage hypertension in dogs include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), beta blockers, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers. The course of hypertension in dogs depends on the underlying cause.

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• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Dogs

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-mediated disease in which a dog's immune system begins to attack her own tissues.

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• Techniques for Nebulization and Coupage in Dogs

  Nebulization and coupage are used in patients with a variety of lung conditions and can be performed by veterinary staff and pet owners. Nebulization may be used to deliver a variety of medications to the lungs in cases of infection, allergic lung disease, or other lung conditions. Coupage is often recommended for patients with pneumonia or bronchitis.

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• Telemedicine and How it Works

  Telemedicine is defined as the act of practicing medicine at a distance. Telemedicine can be offered in a number of different ways: telephone calls, text messaging, online chat, email consultations, and visits conducted through videoconferencing programs. Telemedicine is not appropriate for every concern, such as a pet hit by a car; however, a number of common veterinary complaints can be addressed via telemedicine (e.g., flea allergies, minor limping, mild diarrhea). While it is impossible to perform a complete, comprehensive exam during a telemedicine appointment, in many cases your veterinarian can gather enough information to arrive at a reasonable diagnosis and start treatment. If your veterinarian determines that your pet requires in-person care, your veterinarian can help you determine when and where your pet should be seen and may be able to give you an idea of what to expect during the in-person veterinary visit.

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• Telmisartan

  Telmisartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat high blood pressure in cats and off-label to treat kidney disease in both cats and dogs. This medication is given by mouth in the form of a liquid or tablet. It may be given with or without food but is better absorbed if given on an empty stomach. Side effects may include vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, low blood pressure, and decreased energy. There are several drugs that can contribute to adverse effects when given with telmisartan. Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications (including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies) that your pet is taking. If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately.

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